Rorschach Essay example - 1257 Words

many, the word Rorschach is quite unknown and to others it is simply known as the inkblot test and even then, the real meaning of the Rorschach test is never acknowledged. The Rorschach inkblot test is a psychological projective test of personality in which a subject’s interpretation of ten standard abstract designs are analyzed as measure of emotional and intellectual functioning and combination. Also, like other projective techniques, â€Å"it is based on the principle that subjects viewing neutral, ambiguous stimuli will project their own personalities onto them, thereby revealing a variety of unconscious conflicts and motivations.† (Aronow; p 25) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This test, which is administered to both adolescents and†¦show more content†¦Five of these cards are in black and white; the remaining five are in color. The examiner puts the cards in the subject’s hands right side up. The examiner later asks the subject to look at the cards carefully and describe what each inkblot resembles to them. The instructions are then given to the subject though they are kept vague for a purpose. This enables the subject to make associations from the form, shading, texture and color of the blots. Moreover, the subject can respond to each blot in its entirety, to major portions of the blot or ‘large details,’ to small details in the blots structure; subjects are also free to make use of the white spaces surrounding the blot or within it. After being the cards in a certain manner, the subject is also free to rotate the cards from the positions in which they are presented (right side up) and even to turn ca rds over and look at the back of them. After the subject gives a response, the examiner asks him or her to explain what was seen in the images. The examiner goes back over the responses and may ask the subject to clarify some responses or to describe which features of each inkblot prompted the responses. The subject is unaware of this but the examiner is making notations on things such as how much time is used to describe each card, if the subject coversShow MoreRelatedThe Validity of the Rorschach Test1192 Words   |  5 Pages Did you ever ask yourself who you really are? The Rorschach test tries to answer to this question. The Rorschach test is a projective test which means the subjects projects his unconscious mind and thoughts in the image to describe and explain it. There are a lot of different projective tests, but in this case, an inkblot test. In this essay we will discuss whether this test is still valid or not. We are firstly going to present you the creator of this test and what it is all about, after that,Read MoreThe Rorschach Inkblot Test Was Developed By Hermann Rorschach1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Rorschach Inkblot Test was developed by Hermann Rorschach in 1921 in his book Psychodiagnostik. However, despite finally accomplishing his goal of publishing his now infamous Inkblot Test, he died the following year. Rorschach’s inkblots were created by hand and he experimented with forty inkblots to begin his research. However, he later revised it down to the ten we know today. Inkblots were a common phenomenon in Rorschach’s childhood because there were numerous games and party tricks usingRead More The Rorschach Inkblot Test Essay2377 Words   |  10 PagesThe Rorschach inkblot test is one of the most widely known psychological projective test of personality, and the most controversial. In general, projective tests are psychoanalytically based tools that assist clients to reveal their unconscious conflicts via responses towards ambiguous stimuli, and can also help psychologists to determine psychological disorders. Specifically, the Rorschach allows individuals to interpret a series of abstract inkblots based on their emotional and cognitive functionRead MoreRorschach Test And Its Impact On The Field Of Psychology1857 Words   |  8 Pages Abstract The Rorschach test, used first in 1918, has been the center of much controversy in the field of psychology. This particular test uses print inkblots in order to test many factors within clients based on how they answer when asked about the pictures. Although Hermann Rorschach never made it known where he got the idea for the Rorschach test, it is believed it was inspired by the game Blotto, which was a game which used inkblots. The Rorschach test was originally used to test patients withRead MoreRorschach, By Alan Moore1611 Words   |  7 Pagesasserts Rorschach as an example of deontology. Moore supports his thoughts through dialogue and illustration. The author’s purpose is to juxtapose philosophical beliefs by comparing their varied flaws through differing narrators’ points of view. The author takes a condescending tone in an effort to enrage his target audience of adult males. This paper seeks to illustrate, qualify, and challenge Moore’s claim that Rorschac h is a deontologist. Moore sets an example through the character Rorschach thatRead MoreThe Test Of The Rorschach Test1958 Words   |  8 PagesThe Rorschach Test is a projective test designed by Hermann Rorschach using ambiguous images. These images are created using randomly placed ink on a white surface, folding it, and creating a mirror image on the other side. What you see is a projection of your personality and inner dynamics. By analyzing what one interprets, you should be able to identify their feelings. Inkblots were first normed by asking fifty people what they see and determining what the five most common images were. One person’sRead MoreThe Rorschach Ink Blot Method2122 Words   |  9 PagesThe Rorschach ink blot method is a valued personality test in the field of clinical psychology, described in The Oxford Handbook of Personality Assessment as capable of measuring an â€Å"individual’s adaptive capacities, coping style, underlying attitudes and concerns, and dispositions t o think, feel, and act in certain ways.† (p. 278, Weiner Meyer, 2009) The level of reliability and validity that the test can be empirically confirmed having is invaluable to the field of psychology, because the performance-basedRead MorePersonality Assessment Instrument Critique Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesAdditionally, personality assessment instruments are used in detecting personality disorders and abnormal behaviors. This paper will discuss the characteristics, use, and purpose of the Rorschach Ink Blot test. Created by Herman Rorschach the Rorschach inkblot test was presented to the world in 1921. Rorschach inkblot is comprised of a selection of ten cards with inkblots. The inkblot designs are unique in character they are nearly symmetrical, the blots are also centered when printed on the cardboardRead MoreA Study On The Tat982 Words   |  4 Pagesscene and what the people in the scene are thinking or feeling. The assessor uses the themes emerging from the stories produced by the subject to infer personality characteristics about the subject. The TAT is a projective test in that, like the Rorschach test, its assessment of the subject is based on what he or she projects onto the ambiguous images. Therefore, to complete the assessment, each narrative created by a subject must be carefully recorded and analyzed to uncover underlying needs, attitudesRead MoreTaking a Look at Personality Testing1387 Words   |  6 Pages The hypothesis of projective testing is when people attempt to understand an ambiguous or ague stimulus and to interpret this as a reflection of their needs, feelings, experiences and prior conditioning. An example of projective testing is the Rorschach Inkblot test. The test was developed in 1921, and consists of 10 symmetrical inkblots, which are black, white or multi-coloured. The test is believed to identify people’s innermost feelings; unconscious drives and conflicts from responses. There

The Theory Of The Social Exchange Theory - 1716 Words

The first theory I will touch on is the Social Exchange Theory (SET) presented by George Homans. The concept of the social exchange theory involves â€Å"actions contingent on the rewarding reactions of others, which over time provide for mutually and rewarding transactions and relationships† (Cropanzano Mitchell, 2005, p.890). Homan introduced this theory with the understanding that exchanges are not limited to materials but also include symbolic values (p. 890). In the social exchange theory multiple entities, either companies, social groups, or individuals develop a relationship in which they can fulfill their needs. Some relationships are unilateral (only one entity feel is affected) or bilateral (both entities are affected). The SET involves rationality which encompasses the idea that voluntary actions are determined by the return they are expected to bring (Emerson, 1972, p. 340). An organization is motivated by the expectations of something beneficial in return for providing a good or service. Define TCT The second theory, the Transactional Cost Theory was derived by economist, Ronald Coase. Williamson (1981) define this theory as, â€Å"An interdisciplinary approach to the study of organizations that joins economics, organization theory, and aspects of contract law† (p. 573). His theory involves avoiding extra time and expense by having transactions inside or in the market and focuses on efficiency. The decision is to be made on whether an agency decide to integrate orShow MoreRelatedThe Theory And Social Exchange Theory1685 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand family dynamics, one must understand family theories. Eight family theories were discussed in our book. Each person who studies family theories tends to truly understand several of the theories while showing favoritism towards a particular theory. The two theories I best understood are symbolic interaction theory and social exchange theory. Social exchange theory will be the theory that I will critique. The symbolic interaction theory states that individual’s act based on symbolic meaningRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Exchange Theory Essay2323 Words   |  10 PagesDuring the course of this week’s discussion we will examine the social exchange theory (SET); Dr. Cone did a great job presenting SET to us in this week’s media, I hope you all enjoyed it. Now, we can further consider it by applying the concepts to real life situations such as our family case study, our own family, or other examples you find to be beneficial to you and our collective growth as future APNs. In order to guide our discussion and to have a meaningful learning experience I would encourageRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory991 Words   |  4 Pageslooking at a group, Social Work Club, and be applying four theories; Field theory, Social Exchange theory, Learning theory, and Psychoanalytic theory to the group to understand the function of it. Field Theory The first theory we are going to cover is the Field theory. This theory focuses on how groups function in an effort to achieve their goals and how they are impacted by forces found in the environment. We will be focusing on the positive and negative valences of this social work group, the cohesionRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe Social Exchange Theory was created by researchers John W. Thibaut and Harold H. Kelley, was an attempt to everyday interpersonal relationships. This theory, with backgrounds in sociology and economics, appeals to so many because of it simple answers to human interaction and intentions. The social exchange theory is very rational and considers humans to be rational in every thought they make. It examines human behavior through costs and benefits of being in a particular relationship. The theoryRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory2516 Words   |  11 PagesTheories Of Relationship Theories Of Relationship [Document Title] [Document Title] Elizabeth Wiwoloku Elizabeth Wiwoloku Introduction There are two main theories applied to relationships, Social Exchange Theory and Equity Theory underpin commonly used behavioural therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Integrative Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. More recent studies in neuroscience and behavior and the importance of language have led to theRead MoreTheory, Social Exchange Theory And Symbolic Convergence Theory1249 Words   |  5 PagesTheories are a way humans try to explain the world by what they see happen in time. Theories are an observed phenomenon that occur a multitude of times. When these events are observed, humans need an explanation for these events. When one finds this explanation, it is called a theory. Theories apply to many different aspects of life. Small group theories create explanations for what happens when a group of people get together for one purpose; or a goal. What happens when different types people withRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory Essays 1531 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Exchange Theory 2 Application of: The Social Exchange Theory In everyday interactions people are always looking to have a positive experience among those with whom they interact. According to the Social Exchange theory, with each interaction an individual has with another, that individual attempts to maximize the positive outcomes and minimize the negative. The purpose of this paper is to apply the Social Exchange theory to an authentic real life situation to best illustrate theRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory Essay726 Words   |  3 PagesQuinisha Williams Mrs. Garcia SP 200 A 6 November 2017 Social Exchange Theory The Social Exchange Theory was formally advanced in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the work of the sociologists George Homans (1961) and Peter Blau (1964) and the work of social psychologists John Thibaut and Harold Kelley (1959) (Social Exchange Theory). Social Exchange Theory would be classified as a psychological theory; which suggests that humans will make decisions in their relationships based on the recognizedRead MoreLearning Theory, Social Exchange And Labeling Theory1433 Words   |  6 Pagesinteraction of the micro, mezzo, and macro levels. Theory groupings of the micro level focus on the individual, psychological and developmental. Examples would be psychodynamic theories, cognitive and learning theories. The mezzo level interacts between individual’s groupings and organizations. Creates change in task groups, teams and service delivery networks. Examples would include social learning theory, social exchange and labeling theory. Lastly, you have the macro l evel that focus of explainingRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory And Social Interaction982 Words   |  4 Pagesothers when we are infants. Our parents begin socializing with us during this time, forcing our exchanges with them and others to become â€Å"trained†. Building these social relationships requires exchanges that are associated with rewards and costs. Chibucos Leite (2005), believe that in social situations, one will select only those behaviors that increase their chances of meeting egocentricities in social situations. In a relationship, if one sees a relationship as having more benefits than risks,

Identify and outline the opportunities of current government Free Essays

The essay briefly focuses on the delivery of the Healthy Child Programme age 0-19 (HCP DOH 2009) and the â€Å"Giving all children a healthy start† policy by the Department ot Health 2013 (DOH 2013). The government brought the Healthy Child Programme 0-19 years old, out in October 009 (HCP 2009) to support partnerships that work closely with children and their families. The HCP has made a great impact on the way the health professionals work, as it gives them a guideline on how to structure the delivery of care given to the families. We will write a custom essay sample on Identify and outline the opportunities of current government or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ensuring that appropriate preventative health care and support is given to the more deprived families that require more guidance. On the other hand the â€Å"Giving all children a healthy start in life† Policy (DOH 2013) ims to help children who grow up in the most at risk families and to help parents give their children the best possible care. This policy also embraces the aims of the HCP, as one of its main focuses, is to help children be as healthy as possible by preventing Illness and encouraging healthy behaviours from pregnancy onwards (DOH 2013). Both these policies make an Immerse dfference In which the health professionals deliver their services, particularly the specialist community public health nurses (SCPHN). As the policies are a guideline for the SCPHN to follow, and to make sure that they are delivering and offering the most appropriate support they can give to their clients with their best ability. References Department of Health (2012) Getting it right for children, young people and families. Department of Health (2013) Giving all children a healthy start in life. Department of Health (2009) Child Programme: from pregnancy to the first five years ‘OF2 Department of Health (2009) Healthy Child Programme: from 5-19 years old. How to cite Identify and outline the opportunities of current government, Papers

Business Communication for Global Business- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Communicationfor Global Business. Answer: Technology: A New Realm of Global Communication Global communication is one of the main components of the global business that helps in the expansion of the business. With the application of the latest modes of communication technology, it is possible to improve upon the global communication. The revolution in the technology has enabled the global communication to improve a lot in the current age. With the help of the global technology, it is possible for a person to communicate in face-face even in the long distance (Finlay-de Monchy 2015). The social media software platforms are able to deal with the communication technology. The Skype is one of the popularly used in the communication software, which is used as medium of communication. The video conference that is done with the help of this software is one of the main parts of the modern day communication technology. The advancement of the modern day technology has helped the global business to expand has also allowed the management of a company to communicate with the customers. The use of technology in global communication has also resulted in better removal of the language barriers and thereby has the ability to improve the formal relationship among the people. The global commerce has also been able to witness a rapid transformation, which would have allowed the company in expansion of the global business (Vaishnavi and Kuechler 2015). The main purpose of the global technology application in the business is to establish a healthy interpersonal relation with all the customers. The board rooms and conference centers within an organization can get the access to all the trends and the demand of the market. With the rise in the total number of internet users all across the world, the use of the global communication in the business has become widely popular. Feedbacks about the Assignment Person 1: From the essay it is clear that the global communication is a major part of the global business and I think in the past few years all forms of business has been able to improve upon the business performance. The essay has also highlight on the importance of the application of software in the global communication. Person 2: As the essay highlights about the importance of social media that can help global business communication. Person 3: I think it is important to use the social media, which is an important part of the global business communication as mentioned in the essay. Summary of the Feedbacks From the feedbacks that are provided it is clear that all the people have realized the importance of the use of software and social media as an important tool of the global business communication. As more number of people are involved in the use of the social media, it is one of the convenient ways that can be used by all business organization as part of the global business communication. Impact of Technology in Business Communication It is important for all types of business in the modern days to invest significant amount of budget in improving the communication network. This will allow the business organization to interact with all its customers and stakeholders. With improved form of business communication it is possible to gain competitive advantage and also seek that attention of the potential customers. As more number of people is getting engaged in the use of the social media, it is important for all business organization to make sure that use these platforms in order to better communicate with the people (Aithal and Aithal 2015). The digital marketing and online social media marketing are few of the most common ways that are used by multinational corporations as a part of their business communication process. The customers can also provide valuable feedbacks with the company and also raise the complaints about the issues they are facing in using a product. The software that is used in the social media needs to be applied in order to improve the part of the global business communication. In the social media platforms like Face book, it is possible to create virtual community groups, where common users of particular products can share the experience they have gained by using a product. They can thus communicate with the other users throughout the globe and also contact directly with the customer care agents of a company. However, there are few negative effects that are associated with the use of technology in business communication. For example in the social media marketing which is a common form of business communication, many people can provide negative feedbacks about the quality of a product which can lower the reputation of a company. Hence, the operational manager of a company has to constantly monitor the overall process of business communication that is done through online. It is therefore recommended to take precautions with the help of latest software that can be applied in the business communication process. Reference Aithal, P.S. and Aithal, S., 2015. Ideal Technology Concept its Realization Opportunity using Nanotechnology. Finlay-de Monchy, M., 2015. Powermatics: A discursive critique of new communications technology (Vol. 5). Routledge. Vaishnavi, V.K. and Kuechler, W., 2015. Design science research methods and patterns: innovating information and communication technology. Crc Press.

Colonial Acts Essays - British East India Company,

Colonial Acts 1773 The Tea Act. This law was passed after the Townshend Act was repealed. It started when the British heard about the colonies corresponding with one another. The Parliament decided to open a new law, the Tea Act. The Tea Act gave all the American trade to the East India Company. This angered the colonist because it put shippers and merchants out of business. Even thought now, the tea would be cheaper, they still taxes the colonists. The colonists soon retaliated by one night some colonists organized themselves. They went aboard the ships in Boston dressed like Indians and destroyed all the chests of tea on the ship. This helped lead to the revolutionary war because now the colonists were fighting back. Also, the colonists were more angered when after the Boston Tea party the British still didn't repeal the Tea Act. 1774 The Intolerable Acts. The King George III was furious when he heard about the Boston Tea Party. So, he tried mastering the colonies by having the Parliament pass four harsh laws. In fact, the laws were so intolerable that the colonists called them the Intolerable Acts. The first law was that the British would close the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the tea they destroyed. The second law was that the British greatly restricted representative government in MA. Town meetings could only be held with the governor's permission. Towns were also forbidden to appoint committees of corespondents. The third law was the British were allowed to house their troops where ever necessary. The fourth law was the British allowed British officials accused of crimes to stand trial in Britain, rather than the colonies. King George III had General Gage appointed governor to inverse the intolerable acts. This led to the Revolutionary War because the laws were very unfair to the colonists and caused events to happen like the first continental congress, which led up to the Revolutionary War. 1772 Committee of Correspondence was formed. Even though the British weren't being harsh on the colonists Samuel Adams reminded the colonists of the cause of Liberty. So, they organized a committee of correspondence to keep communications among leaders in Massachusetts towns. This lead to the Revolutionary war because the war came right after the committee of correspondence. 1774 First continental congress. When the intolerable acts were passed. Samuel Adams called upon all the colonies to have a meeting in Philadelphia. Delegates from each colony accept Georgia, came to the meeting. They all agreed to ban trade with Britain until the intolerable acts were repealed. Eventhough they broke British law by having the meeting they still agreed to come back in 7 months if conditions were not better. This led to the Revolutionary war because the parliament refused to repeal the intolerable acts. Soon, a Malta formed being ready to fight at any moment necessary causing the start of the war. 1775 the shot heard around the world. When the British troops reached Lexington the ordered the colonists to lay down their guns. They refused. Within minutes a shot rang out known as the shot hear around the world and 8 colonists lay dead. Then the British made their way to Concord burning the courthouse and some of the militias supplies. At the old North Bridge in concord is where the minutemen forced the British back to Boston. This was the first day of the Revolutionary war, April 19, 1775. History Essays

Business Culture Vietnam, New Zeland, Malaysia[1].Docx Essays

Business Culture Vietnam, New Zeland, Malaysia[1].Docx Essays Business Culture Vietnam, New Zeland, Malaysia[1].Docx Essay Business Culture Vietnam, New Zeland, Malaysia[1].Docx Essay ETIQUE CUSTOM Facts and Statistics Location: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of Australia Capital: Wellington Population: 3,993,817 (July 2004 est. ) Ethnic Make-up: New Zealand European 74. 5%, Maori 9. 7%, other European 4. 6%, Pacific Islander 3. 8%, Asian and others 7. 4% Religions: Anglican 24%, Presbyterian 18%, Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5%, Baptist 2%, other Protestant 3%, unspecified or none 33% (1986) Language in New Zealand The three official languages of New Zealand are English, Maori and NZ Sign Language. English is the language of day-to-day business within New Zealand, a remnant of ties to the British Commonwealth. Maori is a Polynesian language similar to the languages of other Pacific Island cultures, such as Hawaiian, Tongan, and Samoan. Over 157,000 people in New Zealand speak Maori (2006 Census). The Maori language has been part of New Zealand and its culture since the first people came to the Islands. However, Maori has only been recognised as an official language of New Zealand since the Maori Language Act of 1987. English-Maori bilingualism and the development and use of the Maori language is encouraged by Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori-the Maori Language Commission. Maori and English are used throughout the country in various television and radio programs. As with other regions in the world where two cultures have been mixed, English has influenced Maori and Maori has influenced English. A number of words in each language have crossed in to the vocabulary of the other. English has introduced motuka (car) and Maori has replied with taboo (tapu). Many places in New Zealand have been christened with two names one English, one Maori (the original Maori name and the adopted English one). And, in some cases, these names are used interchangeably Kiwi Society Culture There can be marked differences between Maori and NZ European (Pakeha) societies and culture. This is particularly apparent when moving in tribal (Iwi) circles. Due to colonisation and tribal differences, there can also be subtle but important variations in protocols. The following sections outline aspects most likely to occur when doing business with tribal groups but can also equally apply to any group that includes Maori. Kiwi Demeanour .  New Zealanders are friendly, outgoing, somewhat reserved initially yet polite, and enjoy extending hospitality.   They are quite easy to get to know as they say hello to strangers and will offer assistance without being asked. .  Because they do not stand on ceremony and are egalitarian, they move to a first name basis quickly and shun the use of titles. .  Kiwis dress casually, but neatly. .   Most restaurants do not have dress codes and except in business, dress is decidedly casual. .  Business dress is conservative, although jacke ts may be removed and shirtsleeves rolled up when working. Maori demeanour .  Maori are generally friendly and reserved and place great value on hospitality.   They will generally offer (often to the point of going without) assistance to their guests and will attempt to hide the inconvenience as much as possible. .  Maori will spontaneously launch into speech and song. Even though they may not have met each other, they will know many songs they can sing together and often use these to close or enhance speeches. .  They will often call for visitors to do the same and it would be wise to have 2-3 practised songs from your own country to reply with. Environmentalism .  Kiwis are environmentally concerned and have a strong desire to preserve their countrys beauty.   One of the major local issues is the importing of predators. .  Border controls are very tight and there are huge fines for importing food or other natural products such as wood, cane etc. .  The local attitu de towards the environment is largely influenced by the viewpoint of the indigenous population, the Maori. .  They believe that all things have a mauri a life force. .  Damage to this life force, or human attempts to dominate it, result in the mauri losing its energy and vitality, which affects the lives of people as well as the resilience of ecosystems.   Maintaining the mauri of the environment and ecosystem resilience are equally important for sustainable development. Egalitarianism .  The country has no formal class structure. .  Wealth and social status are not important to Kiwis. .  They take pride in individual achievements and believe that opportunities are available to all. .  As a welfare state unemployment benefits, housing and access to health is all available free of charge to those who cant afford it. .  Maori have a hierarchy especially apparent in formal situations.   For example, the elder (male or female) is seated in a specific area and will be asked to open or close a meeting. Mostly they are men but not always. Etiquette and Customs Meeting and Greeting .  Greetings are casual, often consisting simply of a handshake and a smile. .  Never underestimate the value of the smile as it indicates pleasure at meeting the other person. .  Although New Zealanders move to first names quickly, it is best to address them by their honorific title and surname until they suggest moving to a more familiar level or they call you by your first name. Maori meeting and greeting   Maori stand on ceremony and have distinct protocols regarding how visitors should be welcomed and seen off. .  If the business dealings are with a tribal group (Iwi) the welcoming protocols may be practiced through the process of Powhiri – a formal welcome that takes place on a Marae. .  A Powhiri can take between 30 minutes to 2-3 hours depending on the importance of the event. .  It begins by calling the visitors onto the area infront of the t raditional meeting house. Visitors should walk as a group and in silence expect if they have a responding caller to reply to the home peoples’ caller (usually an older woman).   A Powhiri dictates where people sit, in what position in their group, and who speaks. .  In most cases, but not all, you will notice the men are seated forward and only males speak. There is a tension between the men and women on this matter and in a few places this has been resolved and you will see both genders stand to speak. In the interests of not causing friction in your business dealings, always follow the lead of the home people. .  The welcoming speeches are given by the agreed speakers of the home people and always end with the most revered speaker or elder.   Speeches are given in the Maori language and each one accompanied by traditional song. You may not understand what is being said but you can rest assured it is likely to be from the best orators in the group and often very comp limentary. .  The visitors are expected to have at least one speaker reply on their behalf. .  If possible, the speaker should prepare a learned opening in Maori – it is critical that he/she focus on the pronunciation. Mispronounced words often result in whispers and sniggers and is considered disrespectful. It is better to have a very short opening said well, than a long one said badly.   The speaker’s reply should never be about the detailed purpose of the visit nor should it be to self-promote as this would be considered arrogant. .  The speaker should use the opportunity to briefly show respect to the place that they stand (ie. the location), to the houses (the traditional carved meeting house and dining room are named after ancestors and so are greeted accordingly), to greet the home people, and to explain where his/her group have come from (place is important to Maori). This should be followed by a song from the visitors’ country that the visitorsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ group should sing together.   The Powhiri can be daunting to visitors and can be fraught with traps that may offend. This is why most visitors seek the assistance of a Maori person to ‘guide’ them. .  Once the last elder of the home people has spoken, they will gesture the visitors to come forward in a line to shake hands, kiss (once) on the cheek or hongi (touch noses) with the home people. .  Following this the kitchen is ready to call people in to eat. .  Following the food, the meeting proper can begin. .  While this seems to be a set routine, I have been to many a Powhiri where variations of this occur. It pays to be vigilant and to follow the lead of others, or to discreetly ask questions if unsure. Gift Giving Etiquette .  If invited to a Kiwis house, bring a small gift such as flowers, chocolates, or a book about your home country to the hosts. .  Gifts should not be lavish. .  Gifts are opened when received. Dining Etiquette .  New Zealanders are casual as is reflected in their table manners. .  The more formal the occasion, the more strict the protocol. .  Wait to be told where to sit. .  Meals are often served family-style. .  Keep your elbows off the table and your hands above the table when eating.   Table manners are Continental hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right while eating. They will not look askance, however, if you adopt American table manners. .  Indicate you have finished eating by laying your knife and fork parallel on your plate with the handles facing to the right. Maori Dining Etiquette .  Following a Powhiri, the vis itors will be asked to the dining room (a separate building to the carved meeting house) to sit to eat at long tressle tables. .  They should not eat until the food has been ‘blessed’ or an acknowledgement said by an elder of the home people even if the food is getting cold.   Visitors should try to enable the home people to sit amongst them to chat and get to know them while eating. .  Often, younger people will be serving and older people will be working in the kitchen. .  It is important to realise that in most cases they are working voluntarily and it is appropriate to formally and publicly thank them near the close of the meal before leaving the dining room to begin the meeting. As a result of this, the visitors may be light-heartedly asked to sing. .  To sing a song from your home country would show respect and thanks. Business Etiquette Protocol Relationships Communication .  New Zealanders can be somewhat reserved, especially with people they do not know. .  Once they develop a personal relationship, they are friendly, outgoing and social. .  Do not appear too forward or overly friendly. .  They respect people who are honest, direct, and demonstrate a sense of humour. .  They trust people until they are given a reason not to. .  If this happens in business the breach will be difficult to repair and business dealings may cease or become more difficult. Business Meeting Etiquette   Appointments are usually necessary and should be made at least one week in advance by telephone, fax or email. .  It is generally easy to schedule meetings with senior level managers if you are coming from another country if the meeting is planned well in advance. .   It can be difficult to schedule meetings in December and January since these are the prime months for summer vacation. .  Arrive at m eetings on time or even a few minutes early. .  If you do not arrive on time, your behaviour may be interpreted as indicating that you are unreliable or that you think your time is more important than the person with whom you are meeting.   Meetings are generally relaxed; however, they are serious events. .  Expect a brief amount of small talk before getting down to the matter at hand. .  If you make a presentation, avoid hype, exaggerated claims, hyperbole, and bells and whistles. New Zealanders are interested in what people can do not what they say they can do. .  Present your business case with facts and figures. Emotions and feelings are not important in the New Zealand business climate. .  Maintain eye contact and a few feet of personal space. Negotiations .  The negotiating process takes time.   Do not attempt high-pressure sales tactics. .  Demonstrate the benefits of your services or products rather than talking about them. .  Start your negotiations with a realistic figure. Since this is not a bargaining culture, New Zealanders do not expect to haggle over price. .  Kiwis look for value for their money. .  Do not make promises you cannot keep or offer unrealistic proposals. Kiwis do not generally trust people who have to oversell! .  They are quite direct and expect the same in return. They appreciate brevity and are not impressed by more detail than is required.   Agreements and proposals must state all points clearly. All terms and conditions should be explained in detail. .  Stick to the point while speaking. .  Kiwis appreciate honesty and directness in business dealings. MALAYSIA Facts and Statistics Location: Southeastern Asia. Shares borders with Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore and Brunei. Capital: Kuala Lumpur Climate: tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons Population: 24,821,286 (July 2007 est. ) Ethnic Make-up: Malay 50. 4%, Chinese 23. 7%, indigenous 11%, Ind ian 7. 1%, others 7. % Religions: Muslim 60. 4%, Buddhist 19. 2%, Christian 9. 1%, Hindu 6. 3%, Confucianism, Taoism, other traditional Chinese religions 2. 6%, other or unknown 1. 5%, none 0. 8% Government: constitutional monarchy Language in Malaysia The Malay language is an Austronesian language spoken not only by Malaysians but all Malay people who reside in the Malay Peninsula, southern Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, central eastern Sumatra, the Riau islands, parts of the coast of Borneo, Cocos and Christmas Islands in Australia. It is also very similar to Indonesian, known locally as Bahasa Indonesia. In Malaysia, the language is officially known as Bahasa Malaysia, which translates as the Malaysian language. The term, which was introduced by the National Language Act 1967, was predominant until the 1990s, when most academics and government officials reverted to Bahasa Melayu, which is used in the Malay version of the Federal Constitution. Malay Culture and Society A Multi-Cultural Society Malaysia is a multi-cultural society. The main ethnic groups are the native Malays as well as large populations of Chinese, and Indians. When visiting the country it is clear that the ethnicities retain their religions, customs and way of life. The most important festivals of each group are public holidays. Although growing up, children are educated in the same schools and will eventually work in the same offices, few marry outside their own ethnicity. Families tend to socialise within their own ethnic group – all part of retaining their individual traditions and lifestyles. Despite the ethnic differences there are commonalities culturally speaking. Group Orientation The family is considered the centre of the social structure. As a result there is a great emphasis on unity, loyalty and respect for the elderly. The family is the place where the individual can be guaranteed both emotional and financial support. When one member of the family suffers a financial setback, the rest of the family will contribute what they can to help out. Families tend to be extended, although in the larger cities this will naturally differ. The Concept of Face Malays, Chinese and Indians all strive to maintain face and avoid shame both in public and private. Face is a personal concept that embraces qualities such as a good name, good character, and being held in esteem by ones peers. Face is considered a commodity that can be given, lost, taken away, or earned. On top of this face also extends to the family, school, company, and even the nation itself. The desire to maintain face makes Malaysians strive for harmonious relationships. Face can be lost by openly criticizing, insulting, or putting someone on the spot; doing something that brings shame to the group; challenging someone in authority, especially if this is done in public; showing anger at another person; refusing a request; not keeping a promise; or disagreeing with someone publicly. Conversely, face can be saved by remaining calm and courteous; discussing errors or transgressions in private; speaking about problems without blaming anyone; using non-verbal communication to say no; and allowing the other person to get out of the situation with their pride intact. Etiquette and Customs in Malaysia Meeting and Greeting Greetings in a social context will depend upon the ethnicity of the person you are meeting. In general, most Malays are aware of Western ways so the handshake is normal. There may be slight differences though and a few things to bear in mind include:   Malay women may not shake hands with men. Women can of course shake hands with women. Men may also not shake hands with women and may bow instead while placing their hand on their heart.   The Chinese handshake is light and may be rather prolonged. Men and women may shake hands, although the woman must extend her hand first. Many older Chinese lower their eyes during the greeting as a sign of respect.   Indians shake hands with members of the same sex. When being introduced to someone of the opposite sex, nodding the head and smiling is usually sufficient. Among all cultures, there is a general tendency to introduce:   the most important person to the lower ranking person.   the older person to the younger person.   women to men. Names The way names are used also varies between ethnicities: Chinese   The Chinese traditionally have 3 names. The surname (family name) is first and is followed by two personal names.   Many Chinese adopt more Western names and may ask you to use that instead. Malays   Many Malays do not have surnames. Instead, men add their fathers name to their own name with the term bin (meaning ‘son of’). So Rosli bin Suleiman, would be Rosli the son of Suleiman.   Women use the term binti, so Aysha bint Suleiman is Aysha the daughter of Suleiman. Indian   Many Indians do not use surnames. Instead, they place the initial of their fathers name in front of their own name. The mans formal name is their name s/o (son of) and the fathers name.   Women use d/o to refer to themselves as the daughter of their father. Gift Giving Etiquette Here are some general gift giving etiquette guidelines: Gift giving to Malays:   If invited to someones home for dinner, bring the hostess pastries or good quality chocolates.   Never give alcohol.   Do not give toy dogs or pigs to children.   Do not give anything made of pigskin.   Avoid white wrapping paper as it symbolizes death and mourning.   Avoid yellow wrapping paper, as it is the color of royalty.   If y ou give food, it must be â€Å"halal† (meaning permissible for Muslims).   Offer gifts with the right hand only or both hands if the item is large.   Gifts are generally not opened when received. Gift giving to Chinese:   If invited to someones home, bring a small gift of fruit, sweets, or cakes, saying that it is for the children.   A gift is traditionally refused before it is accepted to demonstrate that the recipient is not greedy.   Do not give scissors, knives or other cutting utensils as they indicate a desire to sever the relationship.   Flowers do not make good gifts as they are given to the sick and are used at funerals.   Do not wrap gifts in mourning colours white, blue, or black.   Wrap the gifts in happy colours red, pink, or yellow.   Elaborate gift wrapping is imperative.   Never wrap a gift for a baby or decorate the gift in any way with a stork, as birds are the harbinger of death.   It is best to give gifts in even numbers since odd numbers are unlucky.   Gifts are generally not opened when received. Gift giving to Indians:   If you give flowers, avoid frangipani as they are used in funeral wreaths.   Money should be given in odd numbers.   Offer gifts with the right hand only or both hands if the item is large.   Do not wrap gifts in white or black.   Wrap gifts in red, yellow or green paper or other bright colors as these bring good fortune.   Do not give leather products to a Hindu.   Do not give alcohol unless you are certain the recipient drinks.   Gifts are generally not opened when received. Business Etiquette and Protocol in Malaysia Meeting and Greeting Within the business context most Malaysian businesspeople are culturally-savvy and internationally exposes. Your experience may very well depend upon the ethnicity, age, sex and status of the person you are meeting. The best approach is always friendly yet formal. A few tips include:     Initial greetings should be formal and denote proper respect.   If in a team, introduce the most important person first.   Many Malays and Indians are uncomfortable shaking hands with a member of the opposite sex.   Foreign men should always wait for a Malaysian woman to extend her hand. Foreign women should also wait for a Malaysian man to extend his hand.   To demonstrate respect Chinese may look downwards rather than at the person they are meeting.   It is important that professional titles (professor, doctor, engineer) and honorific titles are used in business. Malays and Indians use titles with their first name while Chinese use titles with their surname. Business Card Etiquette   Business cards are exchanged after the initial introductions.   If you will be meeting Chinese, have one side of your card translated into Chinese, with the Chinese characters printed in gold.   If you will be meeting government officials, have one side of your card translated into Bahasa Malaysia.   Use two hands or the right hand only to exchange business cards.   Examine any business card you receive before putting it in your business card case.   The respect you show someones business card is indicative of the respect you will show the individual in business. Act accordingly.   Never write on someones card in their presence. Communication As an extension to the need to maintain harmonious relations, Malaysians rely on non-verbal communication (i. e. facial expressions, tone of voice, body language, etc). Such a communication style tends to be su btle, indirect and. Malays may hint at a point rather than making a direct statement, since that might cause the other person to lose face. Rather than say no, they might say, I will try, or I’ll see what I can do. This allows the person making the request and the person turning it down to save face and maintain harmony in their relationship. If you are unsure about the affirmative response you received, you may want to continue the discussion, re-phrasing the question in several different ways so that you may compare responses. If the response was given because the Malaysian did not know how to respond in the negative without causing offense, this may come out. Alternatively, they may have someone else give you the bad news. Silence is an important element of Malaysian communication. Pausing before responding to a question indicates that they have given the question appropriate thought and considered their response carefully. Many Malaysians do not understand the Western propensity to respond to a question hastily and can consider such behaviour thoughtless and rude. Malaysians may laugh at what may appear to outsiders as inappropriate moments. This device is used to conceal uneasiness. Do not show anger in public as it makes Malaysians uncomfortable and creates a feeling of powerlessness. There is a greater chance of achieving a good outcome id you are calm, whereas little is resolved by shouting. Business Meetings   It is a good idea for the most senior person on your team to enter first so that he or she is the first to greet the most senior Malaysian.   This gives face to both parties as it demonstrates respect towards the Malaysian and shows that you respect hierarchy within your company.   It is customary for leaders to sit opposite each other around the table.   Many companies will have their team seated in descending rank, although this is not always the case.   Expect the most senior Malaysian to give a brief welcoming speech. You need not reciprocate.   There will be a period of small talk, which will end when the most senior Malaysian is comfortable moving to the business discussion.   Meetings may be conducted or continue over lunch and dinner.   Meetings, especially initial ones, are generally somewhat formal. Treat all Malaysian participants with respect and be cautious not to lose your temper or appear irritated.   At the first meeting between t wo companies, Malaysians will generally not get into in-depth discussions. They prefer to use the first meeting as an opportunity to get to know the other side and build a rapport, which is essential in this consensus-driven culture.

Violence against Women in War is an Extension of Domestic Violence Essay

Violence against Women in War is an Extension of Domestic Violence - Essay Example Before such acts of rape, assault and physical violence against women occur during wars and conflicts, the same must have happened domestically, way before. Female genital mutilation forced marriages, forced and selective abortion, abandonment, gender discrimination in property inheritance, forced sex, rape and a series of other domestic abuses happen to women of different faiths, from different economic backgrounds, in almost all countries in the world, taking either of these forms or the other. Therefore, while such abuses, violence, and acts of aggression finds themselves into war and conflicts zones, it is because they have been happening under the cover of the domestic veil, only that wars and conflicts have created a better opportunity to accelerate and repeatedly commit the acts of violence, with no fear of legal consequences. More so, statistics have indicated that the servicemen, especially the military, operatives and combat personalities who have been involved in a series of operations in different regions of the world are more likely to attack, abuse or assault their intimate partners or children, while raping and assaulting the victims of conflicts and wars during their combat duties. Such occurrences are mostly contributed to, by the stress and substance use related consequences of the wars that such service men and combatants have been exposed to. The fundamental behavioral principle that connects domestic violence and violence against women in war is one, namely the overwhelming display of superior force, applied towards controlling and cowing the victims and putting them in a situation where they cannot express any resistance.